A recent study examines the impact of judges’ gender, experience, and caseload on the assignment of restraining orders in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV).
Previous studies have concentrated on gender’s impact on judicial decisions, but this study also examines experience and workload, which increase uncertainty and information costs.
According to 2010–2018 pretrial court findings, female judges with severe workloads grant more protection orders than male judges. These results explain civil law judicial injustice

Image courtesy of interviewee. November 24, 2023