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The First Irish Diaspora in The Age of The Bourbon Reforms: Imperial Translation, Political Economy, & Slavery, 1713-1804

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Michael Bailey argues that the conjuncture of the War of the English Succession (1688-1695) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713) foreclosed hopes of a reversal of the seventeenth century Irish land-confiscations which defined the English conquest and colonization of Ireland, pushing thousands of Irish Catholics into exile near-simultaneous to the ascension of a reform-minded Bourbon monarchy to the Spanish thrown which opened new opportunities for useful subjects.

Image courtesy of interviewee. May 2, 2024

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This video video summarizes a research study derived from a dissertation focused on the presence of Irish surnames in colonial Latin American historiography. The study aims to investigate the significance of the Irish diaspora in the Spanish Empire, a topic that has received limited attention despite the extensive study of the Irish diaspora in other contexts.

The research notes that previous studies have mostly concentrated on individual cases or specific locations rather than synthesizing the broader historical implications of the Irish diaspora. The context of the Irish diaspora is framed within the backdrop of English conquest and the subsequent dispossession and exile of the Irish people, particularly from the late 16th century onward.

Significantly, the text discusses how the Milian myth, asserting Irish descent from Spaniards, helped facilitate the integration of the Irish into the Spanish Empire. After the Nine Years War (1594-1603), Irish migration began to increase in significance, albeit in a marginal capacity within Spanish society, until the political shifts caused by the War of the Spanish Succession opened up new opportunities for Irish exiles.

A notable point is the involvement of Irish individuals, such as Ricardo O'Farrell, in the sugar plantation economy in Cuba, highlighting their roles in the slave trade and subsequently the development of sugar production techniques in the region.

The conclusions drawn suggest that the Irish diaspora has a broader chronology and geography than previously recognized, emphasizing the need to understand the complexities of the Irish experience beyond the confines of British imperial narratives. The study posits that Irish individuals participated in the transnational and trans-European dynamics of global economies and empires, including the wider context of slavery and colonialism.

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Here are some similar articles that could help further explore the themes and topics discussed in the video about the Irish diaspora in colonial Latin America, its historical significance, and its connections to the Spanish Empire:

1. **"Irish Immigrants and the Atlantic World: An Overview"** - This article examines the experiences of Irish immigrants across the Atlantic, focusing on their contributions to the economies and societies in the Americas, particularly in the convideo of British and Spanish colonial powers.

2. **"The Role of the Irish in the Spanish Colonies: New Perspectives"** - This article investigates the historical roles played by Irish immigrants in the Spanish colonies, highlighting specific case studies and discussing broader implications for understanding colonial societies.

3. **"From Exile to Empire: The Irish Diaspora in the Spanish Empire"** - This paper discusses the historical pathways of the Irish diaspora that settled in the Spanish Empire, exploring themes of identity, integration, and economic roles.

4. **"Migration and Identity Formation: The Irish in Latin America"** - This research focuses on how Irish immigrants shaped their identities in new worlds, contributing to local economies and cultures while navigating colonial hierarchies.

5. **"Colonial Sugar Economies and the Role of Irish Labor"** - An article that delves into the sugar economy in the Caribbean and Latin America, discussing the involvement of Irish laborers and their implications within the broader convideo of slavery and colonial exploitation.

6. **"The Myth of the Milian: Irish-Spanish Connections in the Colonial Era"** - This article analyzes the Milian myth and its implications for understanding the integration of the Irish in Hispanic cultures and societies during the colonial period.

7. **"Diaspora and Empire: The Irish Experience in a Comparative Convideo"** - A comparative study of the Irish diaspora in various empires, including both the British and Spanish, emphasizing the transnational dimensions of their experiences.

8. **"Reassessing the Irish in Colonial Latin America"** - A critical examination of existing historiography on the Irish in Latin America, proposing new avenues for research that highlight their contributions to various aspects of colonial life.

These articles should provide a comprehensive look at the broader historical convideo of the Irish diaspora, their roles in the Spanish Empire, and the intersections of migration, economy, and identity.

X-TIMESTAMP-MAP:LOCAL=00:00:00.000,MPEGTS=900000

00:00.035 --> 00:02.565
This study came out of my dissertation,

00:02.625 --> 00:06.085
and I, I first got into this project studying for comps

00:06.305 --> 00:07.325
as a graduate student,

00:07.465 --> 00:11.445
and I kept on encountering a, a plethora of Irish surnames

00:11.585 --> 00:13.725
and colonial Latin American historiography.

00:14.065 --> 00:16.405
And this struck me as very interesting, very peculiar,

00:16.745 --> 00:18.645
but there was very little written on the subject.

00:19.345 --> 00:21.445
And thus was this project found.

00:21.585 --> 00:25.005
Uh, the goal then was to, to figure out exactly

00:25.315 --> 00:26.405
what was happening here,

00:26.895 --> 00:30.645
which quickly morphed into a different goal, which is to,

00:30.705 --> 00:33.685
to, expand the normative chronology

00:33.865 --> 00:36.445
and geography of, of the Irish diaspora.

00:36.665 --> 00:38.645
The Irish diaspora may be the, the,

00:38.645 --> 00:40.925
the single most studied migrant group of,

00:40.925 --> 00:42.325
of 20th century academia.

00:42.985 --> 00:46.135
Uh, but very little has been done on,

00:46.135 --> 00:48.295
on the Irish diaspora in the Spanish Empire.

00:48.515 --> 00:49.975
So there's been a little bit of work.

00:49.975 --> 00:54.535
Thomas O'Connor, Oscar Resio morale,

00:54.955 --> 00:58.335
Pierre, Igor, todo, a few scholars,

00:58.335 --> 01:01.095
especially Spanish scholars who have begun excavating this,

01:01.095 --> 01:02.175
this Irish presence.

01:02.275 --> 01:03.415
But for the most part,

01:03.415 --> 01:07.135
these studies have been focused on a single individual,

01:07.215 --> 01:10.455
a particular town, maybe on Irish ecclesiastics

01:10.455 --> 01:11.495
and, and, and Salamanca.

01:11.955 --> 01:15.775
Um, but there's been nothing yet that, that kind

01:15.775 --> 01:18.135
of synthesizes this work, and,

01:18.155 --> 01:22.215
and makes a, a broader historical argument as to not just

01:22.215 --> 01:23.935
what happened with this diaspora, but,

01:23.935 --> 01:25.415
but why we should all care and,

01:25.415 --> 01:27.695
and why this diaspora was historically significant,

01:27.875 --> 01:29.855
the English conquest, colonization and,

01:29.875 --> 01:31.255
and commodification of Ireland.

01:31.675 --> 01:35.935
Um, a a, a long, pretty decently well-known, process,

01:36.005 --> 01:38.855
beginning really at turn of the 16th century.

01:39.675 --> 01:42.815
Um, and through successive waves of, of,

01:42.835 --> 01:44.175
of war over the 16th

01:44.175 --> 01:47.055
and 17th century, the Irish diaspora was progressively

01:47.215 --> 01:50.095
dispossessed of land for one, and, and,

01:50.095 --> 01:51.695
and secondly pushed into exile.

01:52.555 --> 01:55.335
Um, fortunate for the Irish diaspora,

01:55.755 --> 01:58.975
the Milian myth first recorded in the 11th century

01:59.365 --> 02:02.295
that Irish people were genealogically descendant from

02:02.325 --> 02:04.855
Spaniards, gave them an inn in,

02:04.965 --> 02:06.335
into, the Spanish empire.

02:06.435 --> 02:10.055
And, and, somewhat remarkably, the Spanish bought it.

02:10.075 --> 02:12.175
And, and, and the Irish won faux privileges

02:12.175 --> 02:13.975
of assimilation in, in, in Spain.

02:14.435 --> 02:15.935
Uh, so if we were to date it,

02:16.215 --> 02:20.695
I would choose the nine years war, 1594 to 1603, the,

02:20.695 --> 02:23.095
the culmination of, of the Tudor Conquest of Ireland.

02:23.395 --> 02:25.015
And after that,

02:25.065 --> 02:27.455
Irish Liberian links had already been established, but

02:27.455 --> 02:29.175
after that, Irish migration really

02:29.235 --> 02:30.615
begins on a significant scale.

02:30.915 --> 02:33.575
That's really the, the meat of, of, of the topic here.

02:33.835 --> 02:37.455
Um, over the 17th century, the i, the place

02:37.455 --> 02:40.535
of the Irish diaspora and the Spanish Empire was marginal,

02:40.535 --> 02:41.815
wouldn't be the right word, but,

02:41.875 --> 02:44.655
but not significant, wouldn't be the right word either, but,

02:44.655 --> 02:45.735
but somewhere in between.

02:45.735 --> 02:47.535
There. Uh, it was growing there,

02:47.535 --> 02:51.015
there were nodes within the Spanish military ecclesiastic

02:51.015 --> 02:55.215
institutions, merchants, common people,

02:56.265 --> 02:58.725
but on the periphery, sort of for the most part,

02:59.025 --> 03:01.085
Uh, at the end of the 17th century.

03:01.115 --> 03:03.085
However, with, with first the,

03:03.115 --> 03:05.365
so-called glorious revolution in Britain

03:05.425 --> 03:08.205
and Ireland known in Irish Histography as the war

03:08.205 --> 03:12.935
of the Two Kings, that event ended the possibility

03:13.035 --> 03:15.255
of a reversal of the land confiscations in Ireland.

03:15.875 --> 03:16.895
Almost immediately

03:16.895 --> 03:20.295
after that, the war of the Spanish succession breaks out a,

03:20.495 --> 03:22.895
a conflict that almost leads to the demise

03:22.995 --> 03:24.095
of the Spanish Empire.

03:24.245 --> 03:27.695
Spanish Empire endures, but a little bit weakened.

03:28.155 --> 03:29.735
Uh, and the major change is the rise

03:29.735 --> 03:31.735
of a bourbon monarchy and, and, and Madrid.

03:31.795 --> 03:33.455
And this opens new opportunities

03:33.635 --> 03:35.535
for Irish exiles in the Spanish Empire.

03:35.595 --> 03:37.135
The new Burban monarchy is,

03:37.155 --> 03:39.095
is keen on reforming the Spanish empire.

03:39.245 --> 03:40.855
They've inherited this vast,

03:40.995 --> 03:44.615
but perceived to be backwards empire, and

03:44.615 --> 03:47.535
and we're keen to, to reform fortunate for them,

03:47.745 --> 03:50.975
these Irish exiles had had immense experience with,

03:51.005 --> 03:53.055
with the English now British Empire.

03:53.165 --> 03:55.255
They could read English for one,

03:55.295 --> 03:57.335
and they had experienced it themselves in Ireland

03:57.555 --> 03:59.655
or elsewhere in, in, in the British imperium.

03:59.795 --> 04:03.615
So suddenly Irish exile seemed very, very valuable,

04:03.675 --> 04:04.815
to Madrid and, and,

04:04.875 --> 04:06.455
and rose within the positions to,

04:06.455 --> 04:07.815
to a number of positions of power.

04:08.555 --> 04:12.335
Um, the Cuba question is, is, is I think most interesting

04:12.515 --> 04:15.215
and, and, and maybe most, most important,

04:16.345 --> 04:18.935
after the war of the Spanish succession, one

04:18.935 --> 04:21.775
of the concessions that the Spanish Empire was forced

04:21.835 --> 04:25.935
to seed to the British was the slave trade monopoly

04:25.935 --> 04:27.095
known as the Siento.

04:27.095 --> 04:30.935
So the British Empire now had a monopoly on the slave trade

04:31.035 --> 04:35.255
in Spanish America as it happened, the factor

04:35.285 --> 04:38.415
that they hired to, to, to supply enslaved people

04:38.475 --> 04:41.535
to Havana was an Irishman named Ricardo O'Farrell.

04:41.675 --> 04:44.655
And, and really, O'Farrell became one

04:44.655 --> 04:47.775
of the first large scale sugar plantation owners on the

04:47.775 --> 04:50.415
island of Cuba, introducing British methods,

04:50.415 --> 04:52.375
British technologies, British capital,

04:52.635 --> 04:55.815
and enslaved people from the British Atlantic,

04:55.925 --> 04:59.175
into Cuba, and, and founding the first hyper ornal Spanish

04:59.285 --> 05:00.335
slaving dynasty.

05:00.795 --> 05:02.095
Uh, he wasn't alone there,

05:02.095 --> 05:04.055
there were other Irish slavers in Cuba.

05:04.195 --> 05:05.895
Um, their numbers would grow over the course

05:05.895 --> 05:08.935
of the 18th century Jesuit planter, Tomas Butler.

05:08.935 --> 05:11.775
The Jesuits were the largest owners of enslaved people

05:12.235 --> 05:14.135
before the seven years war in Cuba.

05:14.635 --> 05:17.895
Um, and then afterwards, the Crown chooses

05:18.445 --> 05:19.535
Alejandro O'Reilly

05:19.555 --> 05:21.295
and Irish Military General to,

05:21.315 --> 05:23.935
to tour Cuba following the seven years war

05:23.935 --> 05:25.655
and the British occupation of Havana.

05:26.195 --> 05:29.815
Um, the goal is to report on how to transform Cuba

05:29.815 --> 05:32.055
to make it more like Jamaica, more like Son de Ming,

05:32.055 --> 05:34.175
better defense to easier to defend,

05:34.195 --> 05:36.775
but also more profitable like these other kind

05:36.775 --> 05:38.175
of plantation machines.

05:38.395 --> 05:41.015
And O'Reilly's report was straightforward and simple.

05:41.515 --> 05:42.775
If you want to economically

05:42.775 --> 05:44.215
and militarily compete with the British,

05:44.715 --> 05:46.535
the Spanish crown needed to expand slavery,

05:46.835 --> 05:49.775
and his report was, was, gross.

05:49.955 --> 05:52.455
But, but direct in how he articulated that,

05:52.455 --> 05:53.975
that the Spanish empire,

05:54.115 --> 05:56.895
for its imperial desires would, should

05:57.005 --> 06:00.325
Expand its slaving economy, not coincidentally, soon

06:00.325 --> 06:04.245
after Carlos II passes, his new legislation,

06:04.465 --> 06:07.805
the Commercial Libre, which does indeed offer state support,

06:07.855 --> 06:09.965
state incentives for the expansion of slavery

06:10.065 --> 06:11.125
and sugar on the island.

06:11.925 --> 06:13.205
A few different directions,

06:13.205 --> 06:14.485
that we could take conclusions,

06:14.585 --> 06:19.485
but I think, it's a two part one.

06:19.705 --> 06:23.525
Uh, the, the first conclusion would be precisely, I think

06:23.525 --> 06:25.725
what I set out to do to make the point

06:25.725 --> 06:28.205
that the Irish diaspora has a wider chronology

06:28.345 --> 06:30.725
and a wider geography than is often anticipated.

06:31.385 --> 06:33.165
Um, and, and, and that's really important.

06:33.345 --> 06:35.605
And one of the reasons that is important is

06:35.605 --> 06:38.525
because in this early modern period, some of the things

06:39.075 --> 06:41.565
that, that, that we have assumed,

06:41.625 --> 06:44.365
to define modernity or a division between a global south

06:44.365 --> 06:45.925
and a global north, were less clear.

06:46.425 --> 06:49.125
Uh, and as many scholars have pointed out in, in many ways,

06:49.125 --> 06:52.525
early modern Ireland resembled the global south or, or,

06:52.545 --> 06:54.365
or colonized subaltern island.

06:55.105 --> 06:56.805
Uh, and there is a lot of truth to that.

06:57.065 --> 06:58.245
But on the other hand, if,

06:58.245 --> 07:00.885
if we enclose our analysis simply within the English

07:00.885 --> 07:04.285
or British Empire, our perspective on the Irish experience

07:04.465 --> 07:06.245
is, is a little bit inaccurate.

07:06.305 --> 07:08.605
And, and as my research shows,

07:08.625 --> 07:10.965
at least trans nationally within the rest of Europe,

07:11.145 --> 07:13.205
the Irish were always already white and, and,

07:13.205 --> 07:16.805
and participatory in, in these wider slaving economies and,

07:16.805 --> 07:17.885
and European empires.

00:00 - This study came out of my dissertation, and I, I first got into this project studying for comps as a graduate student, and I kept on encountering a, a plethora of Irish surnames and colonial Latin American historiography. And this struck me as very interesting, very peculiar,

00:16 - but there was very little written on the subject. And thus was this project found. the goal then was to, to figure out exactly what was happening here, which quickly morphed into a different goal, which is to, to, expand the normative chronology and geography of, of the Irish diaspora. The Irish diaspora may be the, the, the single most studied migrant group of, of 20th century academia.

00:42 - but very little has been done on, on the Irish diaspora in the Spanish Empire. So there's been a little bit of work. Thomas O'Connor, Oscar Resio morale, Pierre, Igor, todo, a few scholars, especially Spanish scholars who have begun excavating this, this Irish presence. But for the most part, these studies have been focused on a single individual, a particular town, maybe on Irish ecclesiastics

01:10 - and, and, and Salamanca. but there's been nothing yet that, that kind of synthesizes this work, and, and makes a, a broader historical argument as to not just what happened with this diaspora, but, but why we should all care and, and why this diaspora was historically significant, the English conquest, colonization and, and commodification of Ireland. a a, a long, pretty decently well-known, process,

01:36 - beginning really at turn of the 16th century. and through successive waves of, of, of war over the 16th and 17th century, the Irish diaspora was progressively dispossessed of land for one, and, and, and secondly pushed into exile. fortunate for the Irish diaspora, the Milian myth first recorded in the 11th century that Irish people were genealogically descendant from Spaniards, gave them an inn in,

02:04 - into, the Spanish empire. And, and, somewhat remarkably, the Spanish bought it. And, and, and the Irish won faux privileges of assimilation in, in, in Spain. so if we were to date it, I would choose the nine years war, 1594 to 1603, the, the culmination of, of the Tudor Conquest of Ireland. And after that, Irish Liberian links had already been established, but after that, Irish migration really

02:29 - begins on a significant scale. That's really the, the meat of, of, of the topic here. over the 17th century, the i, the place of the Irish diaspora and the Spanish Empire was marginal, wouldn't be the right word, but, but not significant, wouldn't be the right word either, but, but somewhere in between. There. it was growing there, there were nodes within the Spanish military ecclesiastic institutions, merchants, common people,

02:56 - but on the periphery, sort of for the most part, at the end of the 17th century. However, with, with first the, so-called glorious revolution in Britain and Ireland known in Irish Histography as the war of the Two Kings, that event ended the possibility of a reversal of the land confiscations in Ireland. Almost immediately after that, the war of the Spanish succession breaks out a, a conflict that almost leads to the demise

03:22 - of the Spanish Empire. Spanish Empire endures, but a little bit weakened. and the major change is the rise of a bourbon monarchy and, and, and Madrid. And this opens new opportunities for Irish exiles in the Spanish Empire. The new Burban monarchy is, is keen on reforming the Spanish empire. They've inherited this vast, but perceived to be backwards empire, and

03:44 - and we're keen to, to reform fortunate for them, these Irish exiles had had immense experience with, with the English now British Empire. They could read English for one, and they had experienced it themselves in Ireland or elsewhere in, in, in the British imperium. So suddenly Irish exile seemed very, very valuable, to Madrid and, and, and rose within the positions to, to a number of positions of power.

04:08 - the Cuba question is, is, is I think most interesting and, and, and maybe most, most important, after the war of the Spanish succession, one of the concessions that the Spanish Empire was forced to seed to the British was the slave trade monopoly known as the Siento. So the British Empire now had a monopoly on the slave trade in Spanish America as it happened, the factor that they hired to, to, to supply enslaved people to Havana was an Irishman named Ricardo O'Farrell.

04:41 - And, and really, O'Farrell became one of the first large scale sugar plantation owners on the island of Cuba, introducing British methods, British technologies, British capital, and enslaved people from the British Atlantic, into Cuba, and, and founding the first hyper ornal Spanish slaving dynasty. he wasn't alone there, there were other Irish slavers in Cuba. their numbers would grow over the course

05:05 - of the 18th century Jesuit planter, Tomas Butler. The Jesuits were the largest owners of enslaved people before the seven years war in Cuba. and then afterwards, the Crown chooses Alejandro O'Reilly and Irish Military General to, to tour Cuba following the seven years war and the British occupation of Havana. the goal is to report on how to transform Cuba to make it more like Jamaica, more like Son de Ming,

05:32 - better defense to easier to defend, but also more profitable like these other kind of plantation machines. And O'Reilly's report was straightforward and simple. If you want to economically and militarily compete with the British, the Spanish crown needed to expand slavery, and his report was, was, gross. But, but direct in how he articulated that, that the Spanish empire,

05:54 - for its imperial desires would, should Expand its slaving economy, not coincidentally, soon after Carlos II passes, his new legislation, the Commercial Libre, which does indeed offer state support, state incentives for the expansion of slavery and sugar on the island. A few different directions, that we could take conclusions, but I think, it's a two part one. the, the first conclusion would be precisely, I think

06:23 - what I set out to do to make the point that the Irish diaspora has a wider chronology and a wider geography than is often anticipated. and, and, and that's really important. And one of the reasons that is important is because in this early modern period, some of the things that, that, that we have assumed, to define modernity or a division between a global south and a global north, were less clear. and as many scholars have pointed out in, in many ways,

06:49 - early modern Ireland resembled the global south or, or, or colonized subaltern island. and there is a lot of truth to that. But on the other hand, if, if we enclose our analysis simply within the English or British Empire, our perspective on the Irish experience is, is a little bit inaccurate. And, and as my research shows, at least trans nationally within the rest of Europe, the Irish were always already white and, and,

07:13 - and participatory in, in these wider slaving economies and, and European empires.

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