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The Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the Persian version of ‎Romantic Love Myths Questionnaire

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View the page of Sadeq Fallah Tafti

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Sadeq Fallahtafti discusses the psychometric ‎properties of the Persian version of the Romantic Love Myths Questionnaire (RLMQ) developed by Lara and Gómez-Urrutia (2021).

Image courtesy of interviewee. August 9, 2024

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This video is a transcript of a discussion regarding a study on conditional cash transfers and women's reproductive choices. It focuses on the concepts of romantic love and the myths surrounding it, particularly in the context of Persian-speaking populations.

The speaker outlines the challenges in translating and applying the Romantic Love Myth Questionnaire (RLMQ), developed by Laura and Gomez, to a Persian-speaking demographic. The questionnaire examines beliefs about love that can lead to destructive behaviors in romantic relationships, such as the idea that love justifies aggression or control.

Key points include:
- Love myths can include beliefs that romantic love involves suffering or that true love can excuse harmful behavior.
- The translation process was extensive to ensure that the meaning was preserved between the English and Persian versions.
- The research aimed to assess the correlation between belief in these myths and experiences of dating violence, as well as perceived relationship quality among participants.
- Findings suggested that higher belief in love myths correlated with increased experiences of dating violence and lower perceived quality in relationships.
- Additionally, younger participants exhibited a higher belief in these myths, while older individuals showed a decrease in such beliefs, indicating a potential shift in understanding love as people age.

Overall, the speaker indicates that further research is necessary to explore these dynamics within the Persian-speaking population and how they compare globally, emphasizing the potential for cultural influences and outcomes in understanding romantic relationships.

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Here are 5 key points from the video:

1. **Research Relevance**: The importance of applicability in social sciences research is emphasized, particularly regarding how findings can address real-life issues, such as violence in romantic relationships.

2. **Love Myths and Their Impact**: The concept of "love myths" is introduced, which refers to unrealistic beliefs about love that can lead to vulnerability and destructive behavior in relationships. Examples of these myths include beliefs that “one who loves you hurts you” or that “love can overcome anything.”

3. **Study by La Gomez**: The speaker references research by La Gomez that developed a short, reliable tool (the Romantic Love Myth Questionnaire) to measure beliefs about love myths, indicating its correlation with relationship quality and experiences of dating violence.

4. **Translation and Adaptation**: The speaker discusses translating the Romantic Love Myth Questionnaire to Persian, aiming to fill gaps in research available to Persian-speaking populations and ensuring that the translated items carry the same meanings as the original.

5. **Correlations and Findings**: Findings from the research showed that individuals’ beliefs in love myths correlated with their experiences of relationship violence and perceived relationship quality, suggesting that higher belief in love myths could be linked to worse relationship outcomes. The study found demographic patterns, such as older individuals tending to have lower beliefs in these myths.

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Here are some key quotes from the video:

1. **Applicability of Research**:
- "In social sciences, what researchers need to take care of is the applicability of the research. If your research is going to answer and meet some needs in the daily life of people."

2. **Violence in Relationships**:
- "So many times people are affected by violence in their romantic relationships. This is one of the major issues in today's world."

3. **Love Myths**:
- "The love myth refers to the belief that people have a bad romantic love, which have been found to be not realistic, but also yet destructive."

4. **Idealization and Splitting**:
- "When you idealize your partner, you are about to... it's called splitting in psychoanalytic. You are seeing that your partner is harming you, but you have idealized your partner and you cannot perceive that as a hurt."

5. **Relationship Quality**:
- "There were positive correlations between the idealization and perceived relationship quality."

6. **Dating Violence and Love Myths**:
- "We found significant correlations between the level of belief in love myths and the level of them experiencing dating violence."

7. **Translating Tools for Research**:
- "We just started the process to translating this to Persian... so you can validate that scale and use it in Persian-speaking populations."

8. **Contribution to Research**:
- "The contribution is mainly having access to Persian speaking populations all over the world."

9. **Age and Love Myths**:
- "The higher the age, the less the level of belief in love myths."

10. **Cultural Convideo**:
- "There are universal themes, but also unique factors in understanding romantic love among Iranian populations."

These quotes encapsulate some of the main themes of the video regarding violence in relationships, the concept of love myths, the research process, and cultural considerations in romantic relationships.

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Here are some articles that may share similarities with the video you've , focusing on themes related to romantic love, cultural influences on relationships, and the impact of beliefs on interpersonal dynamics:

1. **"Cultural Perspectives on Romantic Love: A Cross-Cultural Comparison"**
- This article explores how romantic love is perceived differently across various cultures and the implications of these beliefs on relationship dynamics and expectations.

2. **"The Impact of Love Myths on Relationship Satisfaction and Aggression"**
- This study analyzes how specific myths about love can lead to harmful behaviors in relationships, including controlling behaviors and aggression, drawing parallels with the findings mentioned in your transcript.

3. **"Gender and Cultural Variations in Understanding Love: Insights from Persian Culture"**
- This article investigates the unique perspectives on love within Persian cultures and how these beliefs shape gender roles and relationship satisfaction among younger and older demographics.

4. **"Conditional Cash Transfers and Women’s Empowerment in Relationship Choices"**
- While this article specifically discusses the impact of financial incentives on women's reproductive choices, it touches upon the broader themes of autonomy and belief systems in relation to love and partnerships.

5. **"Myths of Romantic Love: Their Role in Affecting Relationship Outcomes"**
- This paper examines various romantic love myths, their prevalence in different cultural convideos, and their effects on relationship satisfaction, violence, and perceptions of love.

6. **"The Evolution of Love Beliefs in Young Adults: A Longitudinal Study"**
- This research traces how beliefs about love and relationships evolve from young adulthood into later life, highlighting trends that resemble the findings mentioned regarding age and love myths.

7. **"Exploring the Link Between Beliefs About Love and Relationship Quality: A Cultural Perspective"**
- This article investigates how beliefs surrounding love influence relationship quality and partner behaviors across different cultural backgrounds, including insights from Eastern perspectives.

8. **"Romantic Myths in Modern Relationships: Factors Influencing Intimate Partner Violence"**
- Focused on the connection between romantic myths and intimate partner violence, this article discusses the psychological underpinnings of these beliefs in various cultural convideos.

These articles could provide additional insights and research findings relevant to the themes discussed in the original video regarding love myths, cultural influences, and their implications on relationship quality and dynamics.

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I think, in social sciences, what researchers need to,

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you know, take care

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of is the applicability of the research.

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I mean, if your research is going to answer

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and meet some needs in the daily life of people.

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So in clinical, psychology, we can see that

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so many times people are affected by, you know,

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violence in their romantic relationships.

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So, and this is one of the, you know,

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major issues in today's world.

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So, and, you know, researchers in social psychology,

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in clinical psychology are trying to find out

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what are the reasons leading to that

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violence in romantic and dating relationships.

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You know, these are the, you know, the, the,

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these are the places that people are going to feel safe.

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These are the places that are going to affect

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and increase the quality of life of people.

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So WhatsApp, I just, you know, in searching the literature,

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I just, came to, happened to find a research

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by La Gomez,

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and they had just, prepared a very nice short

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but reliable tool for investigating the love myth.

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So, what is a love myth?

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The love myth refers to the belief

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that people have a bad romantic love,

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which have been fo found to be not realistic,

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but also yet destructive,

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and just making them in a, you know, vulnerable situation.

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For example, one of the, one

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of these love myths in the question is A one who loves you,

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hurts you, or, love can do anything for you.

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So these are the beliefs

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and beliefs like these in two dimensions.

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There are two dimensions in these, you know,

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questionnaire in this scale.

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I mean, one of them is idealization.

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There are five items that, you know, the, the more

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you score on those, you know items, the more it shows

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that you are prone to idealize your partner.

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So when you idealize your partner, you are about to,

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it's called splitting in psychoanalytic.

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No, in psychoanalytic they say it's a kind of splitting.

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What does it mean? It means that you are seeing

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that your partner is harming you,

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but you have idealized your partner

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and you cannot perceive that as a heart.

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So this is, yeah, so this is, the, I idealization

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and you know, that sort of, love myth.

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The other one is about, you know, aggression

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and, you know, having the violence in, in,

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in the nature of love.

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And you are like, okay, so, fighting

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with your loved one is a sign of your love.

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One who loves you, hurts you. So if the guy, if they are

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Controlling you, if they are harming you,

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this is a sign of love.

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So this could lead to major violence

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in a dating and romantic relationship.

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And Laura and Gomez have found it, have found some in,

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in their numerous, you know, research.

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They have found some correlations

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and predictability of the violence in the relationship

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and also in the quality of the relationship.

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Uh, you know, these correlations between these

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and the level of belief in those love myths.

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So that's why we,

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because I was, doing, I was doing my PhD,

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my PhD dissertation on romantic love,

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and I was like, okay, so what affects

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people's understanding of love?

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What affects the quality of,

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you know, romantic relationship?

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So if one is having a very good time in the

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romantic relationship, and the other one is suffering from

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the romantic relationship, what is that?

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So, and in my search, I just happened to find that,

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and I was like, this is a very good one.

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They have worked on that. I guess it was published in 2021.

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Yeah, Lauren Gomez, they just published a paper in 2021,

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and we just started, the process to translating this

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to Persian, Persian speaking people all over the world,

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they are almost all one

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or two person of all the people in the world.

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So you need to know, I mean, when you, you don't,

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you don't need to make, make it make a scale yourself.

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So there are some skills out there, so you can just validate

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that scale and use it in Persian

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speaking populations.

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So I guess this is a very, very crucial thing,

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because in Iran when I just, looked for it, I was like,

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my God, nothing is here.

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And there are some scans which are no longer, you know,

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that much used in the, in today's, you know, research.

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And there are almost nothing else to investigate

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this, you know, we, we, we had some problems, you know,

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translating love myth to Persian.

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So because we are like, okay, so what can we translate?

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What word can we use in Persian so that

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it just conveys the meaning?

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So this process of translating

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and back translating just, it was just only 10 items,

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but it just took a lot of time from us, you know,

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because we wanted to make sure that people

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are perceiving the items, just like what Lara

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and Gomez had meant.

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So understanding the English version

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and understanding the Persian version was really crucial.

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So I think the contribution is mainly

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having access to Persian speaking, you know,

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population all over the world.

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This is very, very crucial. Yeah.

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And of course, you know, by just checking the coefficiency,

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I mean the statistics and the reliability and validity.

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So we happen to find that, yeah, this sounds

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to be a very reliable instrument to just,

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you know, yeah.

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Uh, you know, investigate the level

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of people believing in those loveness when you have decided

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that we, they really need this, need this scale to be

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in person, to be, to, to be able

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to be used in Persian speaking population.

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So the next step is starting the, you know, translating

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and back translating.

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So you've got 10 items.

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You have someone just translating them to Persian

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or far c whatever we call it,

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and then someone else should just translate

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this back to English.

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So you can see, you can see

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that are they still conveying the same meaning or not?

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So this is a process.

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This is just not, not just one click, this is a process.

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It just goes, you know, and it just goes forward. Yeah.

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And then when you are, when you have made sure that, yeah,

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this is the Persian version of this scale, so

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that then you need to just check this,

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I mean the reliability and validity of it.

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So we needed to check the correlations.

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We checked almost the same stuff

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that Lauren Gomez did in their study.

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We check the correlations between, you know, the, we,

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we, we, we just call this RLMQ, you know,

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romantic relationship, romantic love myth questionnaire,

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and we just check the, correlations between these

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and two other factors.

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One of them was perceived relationship quality component.

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It was a short version of it.

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And the other one was,

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the violence in the relationship

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dating violence questionnaire.

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So when you go and try to find that,

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because the literature says there are correlations

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between these two, so if your scale

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is still reliable in Persian two,

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there should also be significant, you know,

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relations correlations between these two, you know?

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So yeah. And we found that, yes, for example,

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the Chromebook alpha for, you know, the,

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the, the main, I mean the RLMQ, it was, 70%.

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So that was that that sounds

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to be a reliable, you know, scale for us.

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And then we found that there were some significant,

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you know, correlations between the level

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of people believing in love myths

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and the level of them experiencing dating violence,

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violence in your relationships,

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in our daily lives, what are we afraid of?

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We are afraid of violence in the relationship.

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So, okay, yeah, we're gonna avoid them.

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So what can predict them? What are the correlations?

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We don't know what is the cause

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or what is, you know, we, we would like

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to just avoid the correlations as well.

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So what is the, what are the correlation?

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So we found idea maybe loveness,

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and we are like, okay, so we have this, you know,

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dating violence experience.

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So, have your partner just checked your phone?

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Have they, forced you

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to do something you didn't like?

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Have they, harmed you physically or mentally?

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Had they, you know, had they have, they just,

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threatened you and stuff like that?

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These are the items about dating violence.

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So have you ever have,

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how much have you experienced these things?

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Okay, this is here.

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And then you are asked, do you believe that a true love can,

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can care everything?

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Do you believe that a true love contains harms?

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Do you believe that one who loves you, harms you?

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Are these the, the, the beliefs

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that you do, do you believe them?

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And then, so this is about the, you know, the,

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the correlation between the love met and dating violence.

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And again, we have the perceived relationship quality

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in perceived relationship quality.

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We are like, okay, so how do you lo

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how do you find your relationship?

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Do you like your relationship? Don't you like it?

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Don't you like your relationship here? You know?

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And here there was two different findings

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between the, quality of the relationship.

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And so we had the love abuse.

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So if there is aggression

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and abuse in the relationship, there are two as aspects.

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I mean, subscales in a love map,

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and the other one is idealization.

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There were positive correlations between,

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between the idealization

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and perceived relationship quality.

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They said that, yeah, we like the relationship.

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Yeah, it's fine. It's very good, it's good.

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I love my partner. But in the other items,

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there was negative correl relations.

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So when they were like, they were, you know,

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perceiving and experiencing abusing the relationship,

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sometimes you just, happen to see that people just,

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get to a state of ambivalence.

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They're like, I do like this partner,

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but I'm being,

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I am having a very hard time here.

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So, and so here you couldn't find a significant

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positive relationship, but also, a,

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a negative relationship

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between the perceived relationship quality and love abuse.

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I mean, dimension of the love myth, you see?

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So yeah, this, this, this is what happens.

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I mean, maybe if we could just do this in a longitudinal

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research, maybe things would also change,

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because love myth can just make you feel better about your

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relationship, you know, in a very short term.

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But in long term, the quality

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of the relationship might gradually decrease.

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As we can see in our research,

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just like the original research done by, Gomez

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and Laura, Laura Gomez, we just found

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that based on the age, I mean, there was a correlation

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between the age and the level

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of the belief love myth as well.

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So this was, you know, this was done for,

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our population was, you know, the people between 18 and 24.

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And there were six, 600, 364 participants.

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So these people who were just, select by, you know,

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convenience sampling, random sampling method,

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the higher the age, the less the level of

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belief in, you know, loveness.

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So probably gradually people find that, no,

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this love map cannot work for us.

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They find that, yeah, they find

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that this is affecting the quality of the relationship.

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I think this is just the beginning, you know?

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I mean, so for my PhD dissertation, what I did was,

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you know, investigating romantic love

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and the way people perceive romantic love.

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I mean, Iranian women

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and men in heterosexual relationships, what do they call,

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what do they mean by romantic love?

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When when they say we are in law, what do they mean?

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And there we found some bio psychosocial factors.

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I mean, there were some differences between men

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and women, which could just refer to some biological

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revolutionary, you know, differences.

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We found some, psychological,

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because there seemed to be some individual differences

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in their understanding.

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And there were some, you know, some of them, I mean,

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the pattern of them loving each other was just, you know,

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it was, it seemed to be universal, you know, I mean,

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and there were some social factors that in a, in,

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in a culture like Iran, it could be different

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from a culture, for example, in uk

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or even from culture here in Iran compared

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with two 20 years ago.

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So I think here,

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talking about Persian participants, participants,

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we didn't find here a major difference between our findings

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with, Gomez

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and aio, I mean, in, in the original research.

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But if we start applying these tool to

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investigate Persian speaking, you know, lovers

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or Persians speaking youth,

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when they are in a romantic relationship, we might happen

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to see some, again, bio psychosocial factors.

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What are the universal things?

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What are unique about Iranian populations here?

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Because we, again, here found that the, the,

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the higher the age, the less the level of belief,

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or we didn't find any, you know,

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major differences in, in the numbers

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of belief in some particular love myths.

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You know, I mean, what the, what what we found was

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so identical was so similar with what Gomez found.

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This could be probably because,

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because of the fact that there is this globalization,

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there is this, you know, the differences

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between nations are decreasing a little bit.

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But I am curious to see this, I mean, these changes

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might emerge much more clearly when we try

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to do some qualitative research

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as I did in my PhD dissertation.

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But here we didn't find a major difference with that.

00:00 - I think, in social sciences, what researchers need to, you know, take care of is the applicability of the research. I mean, if your research is going to answer and meet some needs in the daily life of people. So in clinical, psychology, we can see that

00:22 - so many times people are affected by, you know, violence in their romantic relationships. So, and this is one of the, you know, major issues in today's world. So, and, you know, researchers in social psychology, in clinical psychology are trying to find out what are the reasons leading to that violence in romantic and dating relationships. You know, these are the, you know, the, the, these are the places that people are going to feel safe.

00:52 - These are the places that are going to affect and increase the quality of life of people. So WhatsApp, I just, you know, in searching the literature, I just, came to, happened to find a research by La Gomez, and they had just, prepared a very nice short but reliable tool for investigating the love myth. So, what is a love myth? The love myth refers to the belief that people have a bad romantic love,

01:24 - which have been fo found to be not realistic, but also yet destructive, and just making them in a, you know, vulnerable situation. For example, one of the, one of these love myths in the question is A one who loves you, hurts you, or, love can do anything for you. So these are the beliefs and beliefs like these in two dimensions. There are two dimensions in these, you know, questionnaire in this scale.

01:54 - I mean, one of them is idealization. There are five items that, you know, the, the more you score on those, you know items, the more it shows that you are prone to idealize your partner. So when you idealize your partner, you are about to, it's called splitting in psychoanalytic. No, in psychoanalytic they say it's a kind of splitting. What does it mean? It means that you are seeing that your partner is harming you, but you have idealized your partner

02:26 - and you cannot perceive that as a heart. So this is, yeah, so this is, the, I idealization and you know, that sort of, love myth. The other one is about, you know, aggression and, you know, having the violence in, in, in the nature of love. And you are like, okay, so, fighting with your loved one is a sign of your love. One who loves you, hurts you. So if the guy, if they are Controlling you, if they are harming you,

03:01 - this is a sign of love. So this could lead to major violence in a dating and romantic relationship. And Laura and Gomez have found it, have found some in, in their numerous, you know, research. They have found some correlations and predictability of the violence in the relationship and also in the quality of the relationship. you know, these correlations between these and the level of belief in those love myths.

03:35 - So that's why we, because I was, doing, I was doing my PhD, my PhD dissertation on romantic love, and I was like, okay, so what affects people's understanding of love? What affects the quality of, you know, romantic relationship? So if one is having a very good time in the romantic relationship, and the other one is suffering from the romantic relationship, what is that?

04:07 - So, and in my search, I just happened to find that, and I was like, this is a very good one. They have worked on that. I guess it was published in 2021. Yeah, Lauren Gomez, they just published a paper in 2021, and we just started, the process to translating this to Persian, Persian speaking people all over the world, they are almost all one or two person of all the people in the world. So you need to know, I mean, when you, you don't, you don't need to make, make it make a scale yourself.

04:40 - So there are some skills out there, so you can just validate that scale and use it in Persian speaking populations. So I guess this is a very, very crucial thing, because in Iran when I just, looked for it, I was like, my God, nothing is here. And there are some scans which are no longer, you know, that much used in the, in today's, you know, research. And there are almost nothing else to investigate this, you know, we, we, we had some problems, you know,

05:16 - translating love myth to Persian. So because we are like, okay, so what can we translate? What word can we use in Persian so that it just conveys the meaning? So this process of translating and back translating just, it was just only 10 items, but it just took a lot of time from us, you know, because we wanted to make sure that people are perceiving the items, just like what Lara and Gomez had meant.

05:49 - So understanding the English version and understanding the Persian version was really crucial. So I think the contribution is mainly having access to Persian speaking, you know, population all over the world. This is very, very crucial. Yeah. And of course, you know, by just checking the coefficiency, I mean the statistics and the reliability and validity. So we happen to find that, yeah, this sounds to be a very reliable instrument to just,

06:22 - you know, yeah. you know, investigate the level of people believing in those loveness when you have decided that we, they really need this, need this scale to be in person, to be, to, to be able to be used in Persian speaking population. So the next step is starting the, you know, translating and back translating. So you've got 10 items. You have someone just translating them to Persian

06:49 - or far c whatever we call it, and then someone else should just translate this back to English. So you can see, you can see that are they still conveying the same meaning or not? So this is a process. This is just not, not just one click, this is a process. It just goes, you know, and it just goes forward. Yeah. And then when you are, when you have made sure that, yeah, this is the Persian version of this scale, so

07:16 - that then you need to just check this, I mean the reliability and validity of it. So we needed to check the correlations. We checked almost the same stuff that Lauren Gomez did in their study. We check the correlations between, you know, the, we, we, we, we just call this RLMQ, you know, romantic relationship, romantic love myth questionnaire, and we just check the, correlations between these and two other factors.

07:49 - One of them was perceived relationship quality component. It was a short version of it. And the other one was, the violence in the relationship dating violence questionnaire. So when you go and try to find that, because the literature says there are correlations between these two, so if your scale is still reliable in Persian two, there should also be significant, you know,

08:18 - relations correlations between these two, you know? So yeah. And we found that, yes, for example, the Chromebook alpha for, you know, the, the, the main, I mean the RLMQ, it was, 70%. So that was that that sounds to be a reliable, you know, scale for us. And then we found that there were some significant, you know, correlations between the level of people believing in love myths and the level of them experiencing dating violence,

08:55 - violence in your relationships, in our daily lives, what are we afraid of? We are afraid of violence in the relationship. So, okay, yeah, we're gonna avoid them. So what can predict them? What are the correlations? We don't know what is the cause or what is, you know, we, we would like to just avoid the correlations as well. So what is the, what are the correlation? So we found idea maybe loveness,

09:16 - and we are like, okay, so we have this, you know, dating violence experience. So, have your partner just checked your phone? Have they, forced you to do something you didn't like? Have they, harmed you physically or mentally? Had they, you know, had they have, they just, threatened you and stuff like that? These are the items about dating violence. So have you ever have,

09:51 - how much have you experienced these things? Okay, this is here. And then you are asked, do you believe that a true love can, can care everything? Do you believe that a true love contains harms? Do you believe that one who loves you, harms you? Are these the, the, the beliefs that you do, do you believe them? And then, so this is about the, you know, the, the correlation between the love met and dating violence.

10:23 - And again, we have the perceived relationship quality in perceived relationship quality. We are like, okay, so how do you lo how do you find your relationship? Do you like your relationship? Don't you like it? Don't you like your relationship here? You know? And here there was two different findings between the, quality of the relationship. And so we had the love abuse. So if there is aggression

10:52 - and abuse in the relationship, there are two as aspects. I mean, subscales in a love map, and the other one is idealization. There were positive correlations between, between the idealization and perceived relationship quality. They said that, yeah, we like the relationship. Yeah, it's fine. It's very good, it's good. I love my partner. But in the other items, there was negative correl relations.

11:24 - So when they were like, they were, you know, perceiving and experiencing abusing the relationship, sometimes you just, happen to see that people just, get to a state of ambivalence. They're like, I do like this partner, but I'm being, I am having a very hard time here. So, and so here you couldn't find a significant positive relationship, but also, a, a negative relationship

11:58 - between the perceived relationship quality and love abuse. I mean, dimension of the love myth, you see? So yeah, this, this, this is what happens. I mean, maybe if we could just do this in a longitudinal research, maybe things would also change, because love myth can just make you feel better about your relationship, you know, in a very short term. But in long term, the quality of the relationship might gradually decrease. As we can see in our research,

12:31 - just like the original research done by, Gomez and Laura, Laura Gomez, we just found that based on the age, I mean, there was a correlation between the age and the level of the belief love myth as well. So this was, you know, this was done for, our population was, you know, the people between 18 and 24. And there were six, 600, 364 participants. So these people who were just, select by, you know, convenience sampling, random sampling method,

13:10 - the higher the age, the less the level of belief in, you know, loveness. So probably gradually people find that, no, this love map cannot work for us. They find that, yeah, they find that this is affecting the quality of the relationship. I think this is just the beginning, you know? I mean, so for my PhD dissertation, what I did was, you know, investigating romantic love and the way people perceive romantic love.

13:44 - I mean, Iranian women and men in heterosexual relationships, what do they call, what do they mean by romantic love? When when they say we are in law, what do they mean? And there we found some bio psychosocial factors. I mean, there were some differences between men and women, which could just refer to some biological revolutionary, you know, differences. We found some, psychological, because there seemed to be some individual differences

14:15 - in their understanding. And there were some, you know, some of them, I mean, the pattern of them loving each other was just, you know, it was, it seemed to be universal, you know, I mean, and there were some social factors that in a, in, in a culture like Iran, it could be different from a culture, for example, in uk or even from culture here in Iran compared with two 20 years ago. So I think here,

14:47 - talking about Persian participants, participants, we didn't find here a major difference between our findings with, Gomez and aio, I mean, in, in the original research. But if we start applying these tool to investigate Persian speaking, you know, lovers or Persians speaking youth, when they are in a romantic relationship, we might happen to see some, again, bio psychosocial factors. What are the universal things?

15:20 - What are unique about Iranian populations here? Because we, again, here found that the, the, the higher the age, the less the level of belief, or we didn't find any, you know, major differences in, in the numbers of belief in some particular love myths. You know, I mean, what the, what what we found was so identical was so similar with what Gomez found. This could be probably because, because of the fact that there is this globalization,

15:55 - there is this, you know, the differences between nations are decreasing a little bit. But I am curious to see this, I mean, these changes might emerge much more clearly when we try to do some qualitative research as I did in my PhD dissertation. But here we didn't find a major difference with that.

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