Ziya Gökalp: Europe’s Seminal Proto-Fascist? 49 View more insights in Arts and Humanities - History - European History View more figures from University of Newcastle · Hans-Lukas Kieser discusses Ziya Gökalp, the received “spiritual father of Turkish nationalism”, as an early mastermind of fascism in Greater Europe. Read the Essay Image courtesy of interviewee. September 27, 2022